Figure 4. A snapshot, in time, of two complex numbers whose exponents, and thus their phase angles, change with time. The notion of negative frequency is often troubling to engineers who've spent so ...

The term orthogonality derives from the study of vectors. Most likely you have run across the term in basic trigonometry or calculus. By definition, two vectors in a plane are orthogonal when they are ...

As the speed of DSP's and digital hardware keeps increasing, software and digital hardware are replacing traditional analog hardware, making today's gizmos and gadgets smarter, more reliable, less ...