Leaders The Duke of Medina Sidonia led the Spanish fleet, but he was inexperienced in naval battle and so made some fatal errors in his planning and tactics. Planning The strength of the Spanish ...

Leaders The Duke of Medina Sidonia led the Spanish fleet, but he was inexperienced in naval battle and so made some fatal errors in his planning and tactics. Planning The strength of the Spanish ...

And on 28 April 1588, with 130 ships under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia carrying 8,000 sailors and 18,000 soldiers, the Spanish Armada set sail from Lisbon. Don't miss the latest ...

From The American Quarterly Review. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Full text is unavailable for this digitized archive article. Subscribers may ...

Readers who want a fast-paced account of how Elizabeth’s navy, led by such captains as Drake, Howard, and Frobisher, managed to defeat the Spanish Armada in battles fought in the English Channel, ...

"1592. Four years after England's defeat of the Spanish Armada, tensions still run deep, especially between Sir Francis Drake, "The Queen's Pirate", and his lifelong nemesis, Captain Don Sandovate.