Bitcoin, created by an anonymous entity known as Satoshi Nakamoto, utilizes a blockchain, a distributed and immutable ledger that records all transactions in a linear fashion. Each block in the chain ...

Nodes are presented in boldface and labelled paths represent the effects between nodes. G represents a genetic variant, X the exposure, Y the outcome and C (potential unmeasured) common causes of X ...

Waterfall Network, a highly scalable and decentralized layer-1 protocol powered by directed acyclic graph (DAG) technology, recently achieved nearly 13,000 TPS on its mainnet. While blockchain is ...

The aim of this research therefore was to streamline the understanding of typical causal structures in both randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials in oncology, presenting concise guidelines for ...