Chemical reactions are usually accompanied by thermal effects, inevitably resulting in temperature change in the reaction system. Therefore, temperature is an important parameter in reactions, which ...

Phonons are sound particles or quantized vibrations of atoms in solid materials. The Debye model, a theory introduced by ...

If you would like to learn more about the IAEA’s work, sign up for our weekly updates containing our most important news, multimedia and more. This publication contains the latest information on ...

UK-based researchers have developed a novel method to estimate the amount of defrost cycles a heat pump will experience in the winter and how much energy it would require to implement the cycles. The ...