Architects and front end designers usually leave the back end to the physical designers: they know there can be different numbers of metal layers, but may not realize the characteristics of each metal ...

What does the new "manufacturing stack" look like? We’re all familiar with the Internet’s TCP/IP stack. The bottom layer handles the details of the physical transmission of raw bits and bytes, and ...

When designing FPGA-based Ethernet connected embedded systems the priority and necessity of requirements such as cost, area, flexibility etc. varies for each system. Simplified for most systems, it ...

When integrating a network stack into a new hardware platform and possibly a new operating system, performance is typically a critical design goal. When attempting to optimize network performance, it ...

When working with TCP/IP, the model is simplified to four layers plus the physical layer as shown in Figure 2-4. This figure depicts the encapsulation process with protocol overhead down to Ethernet, ...

Every foundry and every node is different, but for every foundry/node there are multiple supported metal stacks. Some chips use a lot more metal layers than others. A common rule of thumb is each ...