Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. The Universe is out there, waiting for you to discover it. The greatest scientific legacy that Albert Einstein left us is this: ...

Where were we? Ah yes, spontaneous symmetry breaking. When some field takes on a nonzero value even in empty space, and that field is affected by some symmetry transformation, the resulting symmetry ...

Cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) typically assume skill attributes with discrete (often binary) levels of skill mastery, making the existence of skill continuity an anticipated form of model ...

A group of mathematicians has shown that at critical moments, a symmetry called rotational invariance is a universal property across many physical systems. For more than 50 years, mathematicians have ...

Learn about the standard model of particle physics, the most accurate physical theory yet. Our laws of physics are equations of motion, along with some associated constants. We’ve talked about the ...

Measurement invariance is a fundamental property of educational assessments that ensures a given test or scale measures the intended construct consistently across different student groups, cultural ...