Probability theory constitutes the mathematical framework for quantifying uncertainty and analysing random phenomena. Its foundations lie in measure theory, where a probability space is defined as a ...

Probability theory has long provided a rigorous framework for quantifying uncertainty, yet its extension to infinite sets introduces profound conceptual challenges and opportunities. Contemporary ...

In A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities, published in 1814, Pierre-Simon Laplace introduced a notorious hypothetical creature: a “vast intelligence” that knew the complete physical state of the ...